Abstract
Atrophy measured on structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) is a powerful biomarker of the stage and intensity of the neurodegenerative aspect of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. In this review, we will discuss the role of sMRI as an AD biomarker by summarizing (a) the most commonly used methods to extract information from sMRI images, (b) the different roles in which sMRI can be used as an AD biomarker, and (c) comparisons of sMRI with other major AD biomarkers.
Highlights
Pathological cascade and structural magnetic resonance imaging Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifaceted disease in which cumulative pathological brain insults result in progressive cognitive decline that leads to dementia
SMRI measures brain morphometry and can capture gray matter atrophy related to the loss of neurons, synapses, and dendritic de-arborization that occurs on a microscopic level in AD; white matter atrophy related to the loss of structural integrity of white matter tracts, presumably resulting from demyelination and dying back of axonal processes; and ex vacuo expansion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces
This review provides a summary of the role of structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) as an AD biomarker
Summary
2008 [51] Schoonenboom et al, 2008 [56] Sluimer et al, 2008 [52] Brys et al, 2009 [45]. Accuracy for prediction of CN progression to MCI: Baseline: MRI: 78%; CSF: 78% to 89%. CSF p-tau correlated with baseline hippocampus and rates of 231 hippocampal atrophy. In AD, CSF p-tau had mild association with whole-brain atrophy rate. Baseline CSF p-tau was independently associated with subsequent disease progression, measured by hippocampal atrophy rate. In MCI, an increase in rates of hippocampal atrophy correlated with lower CSF Aβ. In MCI and AD, baseline CSF measures were not related to baseline MRI but were related to longitudinal atrophy. Baseline MRI predicted change in cognition better than CSF did. AACD, age-associated cognitive decline; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ADNI, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; AUROC, area under the receiver operating characteristic; CN, cognitively normal; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FDG, fluorodeoxy-glucose; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. Hippocampal volume and mean cortical cerebral glucose metabolic rates of the temporal lobe, temporo-parieto-occipital, and frontal regions were correlated
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