Abstract
[1, 2] First successful bone marrow transplant was conducted in the year 1956. Embryonic stem cells are isolated from rat blastocysts in the year 1981. The first human embryonic stem cells are isolated in the year 1998 [3-5]. The term Stem cell was proposed by Russian histologist Alexander Maksimov in 1908 at congress of hematologic society in Berlin. In 2005 National institutes of health, USA (NIH) announces discovery of DPSCs by Dr. Irina Kerkis. In 2006 Dr. Kerkis reported discovery of immature dental pulp stem cells (IDPSC), a pluripotent sub-population of DPSC using dental pulp organ culture. In 2003 Dr. Songtao Shi, Pedodontist discovered dental pulp stem cells by utilizing the primary teeth of his daughter and named as he as stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDS). In 1988, the National institutes of health and National Science foundation published this definition of “Tissues Engineering”. Tissue engineering is positioned to capture the fruit of stem cells, polymer chemistry, materials science, molecular biology and genetics, nano-materials and with the input of clinicians, towards the regeneration of tissues and organs. It offers a unique approach that helps bridge the gap between laboratory discovery and clinical applications [2, 6-8]. The stem cells and tissue engineering have given rise to separate branch termed as “regenerative dentistry”. In about the 5th embryonic week, odontogenesis is induced from the oral epithelium; the underlying mesenchyme of the tooth papilla is responsible for the regulation and differentiation of these cells as well as the control of crown and root formation. Over 200 regulatory genes are involved in odontogenesis cells communicate via signals molecules and growth factors predominantly growth from the four eminent families, fibroblast growth factors-s (FGFs), Hedgehog wingless and transforming growth factorss (TGFs) to which the bone morphogenic protein (BMPs) also belong, are important in the regulation of odontogenesis. Abstract
Highlights
Introduction[1, 2] First successful bone marrow transplant was conducted in the year 1956. Embryonic stem cells are isolated from rat blastocysts in the year 1981
Stem cells are the master cells of the body
Adult dental stem cells can differentiate into many dental components, such as dentin, periodontal ligament, cement and dental pulp tissue, but not into enamel
Summary
[1, 2] First successful bone marrow transplant was conducted in the year 1956. Embryonic stem cells are isolated from rat blastocysts in the year 1981. Single embryonic stem cell has the potential to differentiate into all 220 types of specialized cells that make up the human body. There are two properties of stem cells that make it different from any other specialized cells in the body These properties are self- renewal - the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining their undifferentiated state and the ability to differentiate into a specialized cell type. Another unique property of stem cells is their ability to grow in vitro - outside of the body. These pluripotent stem cells go on to differentiate into any of the three
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