Abstract
BackgroundDrosophila larval locomotion consists of forward peristalsis interrupted by episodes of pausing, turning and exploratory behavior (head swinging). This behavior can be regulated by visual input as seen by light-induced increase in pausing, head swinging and direction change as well as reduction of linear speed that characterizes the larval photophobic response. During 3rd instar stage, Drosophila larvae gradually cease to be repelled by light and are photoneutral by the time they wander in search for a place to undergo metamorphosis. Thus, Drosophila larval photobehavior can be used to study control of locomotion.ResultsWe used targeted neuronal silencing to assess the role of candidate neurons in the regulation of larval photobehavior. Inactivation of DOPA decarboxylase (Ddc) neurons increases the response to light throughout larval development, including during the later stages of the 3rd instar characterized by photoneutral response. Increased response to light is characterized by increase in light-induced direction change and associated pause, and reduction of linear movement. Amongst Ddc neurons, suppression of the activity of corazonergic and serotonergic but not dopaminergic neurons increases the photophobic response observed during 3rd instar stage. Silencing of serotonergic neurons does not disrupt larval locomotion or the response to mechanical stimuli. Reduced serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) signaling within serotonergic neurons recapitulates the results obtained with targeted neuronal silencing. Ablation of serotonergic cells in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) does not affect the larval response to light. Similarly, disruption of serotonergic projections that contact the photoreceptor termini in the brain hemispheres does not impact the larval response to light. Finally, pan-neural over-expression of 5-HT1ADro receptors, but not of any other 5-HT receptor subtype, causes a significant decrease in the response to light of 3rd instar larvae.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that activity of serotonergic and corazonergic neurons contribute to the control of larval locomotion by light. We conclude that this control is carried out by 5-HT neurons located in the brain hemispheres, but does not appear to occur at the photoreceptor level and may be mediated by 5-HT1ADro receptors. These findings provide new insights into the function of 5-HT neurons in Drosophila larval behavior as well as into the mechanisms underlying regulation of larval response to light.
Highlights
Drosophila larval locomotion consists of forward peristalsis interrupted by episodes of pausing, turning and exploratory behavior
Silencing of Ddc neurons increases the response to light throughout larval development In order to assess the role of specific neurons in the modulation of larval photobehavior, we used the GAL4/upstream activating sequence (UAS) system [33]
In this paper we investigated the mechanisms underlying modulation of larval photobehavior and report a novel role for serotonergic and corazonergic neurons in Drosophila larva
Summary
Drosophila larval locomotion consists of forward peristalsis interrupted by episodes of pausing, turning and exploratory behavior (head swinging) This behavior can be regulated by visual input as seen by light-induced increase in pausing, head swinging and direction change as well as reduction of linear speed that characterizes the larval photophobic response. Neuromodulation is a powerful way to modify the function of an existing circuit without altering the 'hard-wiring' of such network (reviewed in [1]). In this regard, a large body of evidence indicates that neuromodulatory inputs cause short-term changes on neuronal network activity for adaptation to the environment (reviewed in [2,3]). Biogenic amines including serotonin and dopamine as well as neuropeptides are well studied neuromodulators regulating a diverse range of physiological, cellular and behavioral processes (reviewed in [5,6])
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