Abstract
Human whole mouth saliva (WMS) is secreted by salivary glands, namely parotid, submandibular/sublingual and other minor glands of the oral cavity. It is secreted in a systematic way, and contain informative proteins and peptides for the early detection of contagious diseases and organ-related diseases. The role of WMS as a liquid biopsy for the detection of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) through Myoglobin (MYO), Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), Creatine phosphokinase MB (CK-MB), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), Exosomal miRNA, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of MMP-8 (TIMP-1), leukotriene B4 has been well reported in last decade, that have been reviewed in the literature comprehensively below.
Highlights
31% of deaths globally are reported to be caused by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which is recognized to be one of the leading causes of death annually by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]
This study proved the strong link between levels of serum and salivary Creatine phosphokinase MB (CK-MB) and CPK, indicating that saliva-based tests may provide an easy and convenient way of providing point-of-care testing of CVDs [3]
Through the collection of saliva and plasma samples from 250 individuals with a prior history of cardiovascular disease, salivary levels of C-Reactive Protein (CRP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), matrix metaaloproteinase 9 (MMP9), creatinine and lysozyme were measured, with the results indicating that saliva could be an alternative means for evaluation of cardiovascular risk [18]
Summary
31% of deaths globally are reported to be caused by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which is recognized to be one of the leading causes of death annually by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. Through the collection of saliva and plasma samples from 250 individuals with a prior history of cardiovascular disease, salivary levels of CRP, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), matrix metaaloproteinase 9 (MMP9), creatinine and lysozyme were measured, with the results indicating that saliva could be an alternative means for evaluation of cardiovascular risk [18] This indicates that CRP can be used to detect and monitor CVDs [2]. Kossaify et al studied certain specific cardiac biomarkers and a few non-specific inflammatory biomarkers that have significant roles in inflammation and plaque instability They elaborated that levels of CRP, CK-MB, cardiac troponin I, cardiac troponin T, some interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-Alpha), MMPs, and MPO are associated with both saliva and serum [3]. BNP, CK-MB, MYO, CRP were all detected in statistically significant levels in the serum; Adip, sICAM, CRP were detected in statistically significant levels in saliva (2013) [18]
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