Abstract
Various research works have piled up conflicting evidence questioning the effect of oxidative stress in cancer. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are the reactive radicals and nonradical derivatives of oxygen and nitrogen. RONS can act as a double-edged weapon. On the one hand, RONS can promote cancer initiation through activating certain signal transduction pathways that direct proliferation, survival, and stress resistance. On the other hand, they can mitigate cancer progression via their resultant oxidative stress that causes many cancer cells to die, as some recent studies have proposed that high RONS levels can limit the survival of cancer cells during certain phases of cancer development. Similarly, eukaryotic translation initiation factors are key players in the process of cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of such translation initiation factors in the form of overexpression, downregulation, or phosphorylation is associated with cancer cell's altering capability of survival, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Nonetheless, eIFs can affect tumor age-related features. Data shows that alternating the eukaryotic translation initiation apparatus can impact many downstream cellular signaling pathways that directly affect cancer development. Hence, researchers have been conducting various experiments towards a new trajectory to find novel therapeutic molecular targets to improve the efficacy of anticancer drugs as well as reduce their side effects, with a special focus on oxidative stress and initiation of translation to harness their effect in cancer development. An increasing body of scientific evidence recently links oxidative stress and translation initiation factors to cancer-related signaling pathways. Therefore, in this review, we present and summarize the recent findings in this field linking certain signaling pathways related to tumorigeneses such as MAPK and PI3K, with either RONS or eIFs.
Highlights
Cancer is considered the second leading cause of mortality worldwide according to the World Health Organization
A recent study suggested that Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) act as a double agent by promoting cancer initiation through activating signaling pathways that control proliferation, survival, and stress resistance and on the other side by suppressing cancer initiation and progression via oxidative stress that kills many cancer cells [22]
Oxidative stress and initiation of translation fundamentally influence oncogenesis and age-related diseases by altering the relevant downstream pathways and that can be used to our privilege in treating oncologic diseases
Summary
Cancer is considered the second leading cause of mortality worldwide according to the World Health Organization. RONS are the reactive radicals and nonradical derivatives of oxygen and nitrogen They are produced in all aerobic cells and play a key role in cancer. The mechanism used by the cell in response to oxidant effects is to restore the balance by promoting or inhibiting genes encoding defensive enzymes, transcription factors, and structural proteins [20] The accumulation of these reactive species affects normal cellular pathways and plays a positive role in cancer by damaging the amino acids, DNA, and lipids that act as building blocks of the body. A recent study suggested that RONS act as a double agent by promoting cancer initiation through activating signaling pathways that control proliferation, survival, and stress resistance and on the other side by suppressing cancer initiation and progression via oxidative stress that kills many cancer cells [22]. Understanding crosstalk between the signaling pathways is the major challenge in targeting signaling pathways, and the adverse events associated with drugs make treatment more complicated
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