Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent and serious metabolic disease all over the world, and its hallmarks are pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Under diabetic conditions, chronic hyperglycemia and subsequent augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) deteriorate β-cell function and increase insulin resistance which leads to the aggravation of type 2 diabetes. In addition, chronic hyperglycemia and ROS are also involved in the development of atherosclerosis which is often observed under diabetic conditions. Taken together, it is likely that ROS play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.
Highlights
Review ArticleRole of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerosis
Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent and serious metabolic disease all over the world, and its hallmarks are pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance
It was reported that free fatty acids (FFAs)-mediated induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and excess nitric oxide (NO) generation were involved in the progression of β-cell dysfunction [57]
Summary
Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerosis. Chronic hyperglycemia and subsequent augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) deteriorate β-cell function and increase insulin resistance which leads to the aggravation of type 2 diabetes. There are several sources of ROS in cells such as the nonenzymatic glycosylation reaction [3], the electron transport chain in mitochondria [4], and membrane-bound NADPH oxidase [5, 6]. Chronic hyperglycemia is a cause of impairment of insulin biosynthesis and secretion This process is called β-cell glucose toxicity which is often observed under diabetic conditions. It has been shown that the loss of insulin gene expression is accompanied by decreased expression and/or DNA binding activities of transcription factors: pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] and MafA [10, 12, 15]. It is noted here that PDX-1 plays a crucial role in pancreas development, β-cell differentiation, induction of surrogate β-cells, and maintenance of mature
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