Abstract
The interaction between the nucleus and the different organelles is important in the physiology of the plant. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a by-product of the oxidation of organic molecules to obtain energy by the need to carry out the electron transfer between the different enzymatic complexes. However, they also have a role in the generation of what is known as retrograde signaling. This signal comes from the different organelles in which the oxidation of molecules or the electron transference is taking place such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Furthermore, ROS can also induce the release of signals from the apoplast. It seems that these signals plays a role communicating to the nucleus the current status of the different parts of the plant cell to induce a changes in gene expression. In this review, the molecular mechanism of ROS retrograde signaling is described.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a group of unstable molecules which shows either different levels of oxygen oxidation states or unpaired electrons which is characteristic of free radicals
These highly chemically reactive molecules are generated by the metabolism of mitochondria [2], peroxisomes [3], chloroplasts [4,5], endoplasmic reticulum, glyoxysomes, and apoplast which can be related to cell wall and plasma membrane [6]
2.1.2 Retrograde Signal from Chloroplasts In chloroplasts, it appears that H2O2 as well as 1O2 play a role in the retrograde signaling to the nucleus
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a group of unstable molecules which shows either different levels of oxygen oxidation states or unpaired electrons which is characteristic of free radicals. Most common ROS include: singlet oxygen (1O2), ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2.-), hydroxyl free radical (HO.) and perhydroxyl radical (HOO.), which is the conjugate acid of the superoxide [1]. These highly chemically reactive molecules are generated by the metabolism of mitochondria [2], peroxisomes [3], chloroplasts [4,5], endoplasmic reticulum, glyoxysomes, and apoplast which can be related to cell wall and plasma membrane [6]. Reactive oxygen species are employed to carry out several physiological functions [7] In this regard, ROS plays an important role in signal transduction, including the control of several metabolic pathways [8,9], responses to pathogen attack, as well as to biotic and abiotic stresses, and retrograde signaling [10,11].
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