Role of programmed necrosis and cell death in intestinal inflammation.

Abstract

To critically review recent advances on the role of programmed necrosis and other cell death modalities in intestinal health and inflammatory bowel disease. Tight regulation of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and cell death is required for intestinal physiology, and to maintain an integral barrier that restricts microbiota translocation and ensures immune tolerance. Apoptosis has long been considered as a normal part of intestinal epithelial cell turnover. However, recent studies have demonstrated that excessive cell death leads to deleterious intestinal inflammation, as is observed in inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, a novel form of cell death dubbed programmed necrosis, or necroptosis, has been recently shown to be pathological in the gut. The role of cell death in the intestine is complex and its potential implication in intestinal diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease in particular, needs to be reevaluated.