Role of predation efficiency in prey–predator dynamics incorporating switching effect

Abstract

In the context of foraging behaviour, a species can be classified as a generalist or a specialist based on the breadth of their diet. Specialist species have a restricted diet and occupy a much narrower niche, whereas generalist species consume a wide range of resources and thrive in a variety of habitats. In this article, we propose an ecological model with two types of prey, with different fertility rates and nutritional levels, devoured by their respective specialist and the generalist predators. Further, it is assumed that the hunting process of generalist predator follows the switching mechanism. The growth of generalist predator is also influenced by external food sources and intra-specific competition. Our analyses reveal that the only species that may suffer extinction possibility are the specialist predators. The specialists relying on higher reproducing prey may face the danger of extinction, but this is not the case for those specialist predators that consume nourishing prey. Coexistence of all species is achievable if (i) specialists are sufficiently efficient in comparison to the number of available prey and (ii) the expansion of generalist predator is reduced due to shortage of external food sources. For lower hunting efficiency of both the specialist predators, the coexistence of all specialists with the generalist is expected to be unachievable in nature. In this case, only the specialist who consumes more reproductive and nutritious prey may cohabit with the generalist. Our findings may provide possibilities for empirical research on individual specialization.