Abstract

The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan City, China, in 2019. After that, the outbreak has grown into a global pandemic and definite treatment for the disease, termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is currently unavailable. The slow translational progress in the field of research suggests that a large number of studies are urgently required for targeted therapy. In this context, this hypothesis explores the role of bacteriophages on SARS-CoV-2, especially concerning phage therapy (PT). Several studies have confirmed that in addition to their antibacterial abilities, phages also show antiviral properties. It has also been shown that PT is effective for building immunity against viral pathogens by reducing the activation of NF kappa B; additionally, phages produce the antiviral protein phagicin. Phages can also induce antiviral immunity by upregulating expression of defensin 2. Phages may protect eukaryotic cells by competing with viral adsorption and viral penetration of cells, virus mediated cell apoptosis as well as replication. Moreover, by inhibiting activation of NF-κB and ROS production, phages can down regulate excessive inflammatory reactions relevant in clinical course of COVID-19. In this chapter, we hypothesize that the PT may play a therapeutic role in the treatment of COVID-19.

Highlights

  • IntroductionPhages are infections caused by bacterial viruses and they are the most bountiful elements on the Earth [1], due to the introduction of antibiotics their application in clinical practice was immediately overcome in Western countries [2]

  • In European countries and United States several on-going efforts are being led for the acceptance of phage therapy [4]

  • The phage display technology is based on the integration of a gene encoding a peptide or a protein fused with the phage coat proteins was first described by George Smith in 1985 [38]

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Summary

Introduction

Phages are infections caused by bacterial viruses and they are the most bountiful elements on the Earth [1], due to the introduction of antibiotics their application in clinical practice was immediately overcome in Western countries [2]. Patients with antibiotic-resistant infections are traveling from different spots to Georgia and Poland for phage treatments [3]. Despite all the success cases of patients, phage therapy is still faces significant obstacles, administrative issues. In European countries and United States several on-going efforts are being led for the acceptance of phage therapy [4]. We will first discuss the early and current state of phage therapy, address the major challenges faced by phage therapy treatment in Covid-19 infection and the future prospects in this field [5]

Early studies of phage therapy (PT)
Interactions between phages and the immune system
Mode of action
Phage therapy in humans
A future for phages
Development of a phage display panning strategy
Methods
Phages as potential inducers of antiviral immunity
Production of industrial phage propagation strains
Phage-based vaccines
Benefits of phage-based vaccine over other vaccine technologies
10. Challenges to build phage libraries
Findings
11. Conclusion
Full Text
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