Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are the nuclear receptors that could mediate the nutrient-dependent transcriptional activation and regulate metabolic networks through energy homeostasis. However, these receptors cannot work properly under metabolic stress. PPARs and their subtypes can be modulated by nutrigenomic interventions, particularly under stress conditions to restore cellular homeostasis. Many nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, dietary amino acids and phytochemicals have shown their ability for potential activation or inhibition of PPARs. Thus, through different mechanisms, all these nutrients can modulate PPARs and are ultimately helpful to prevent various metabolic disorders, particularly in transition dairy cows. This review aims to provide insights into the crucial role of PPARs in energy metabolism and their potential modulation through nutrigenomic interventions to improve energy homeostasis in dairy animals.
Highlights
Dairy animals provide milk and dairy products, which are considered some of the most important sources of nutrients for the human diet globally
A literature survey showed that information regarding the role of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in lipid metabolism, the regulation of the expression of different genes and proteins and tissue distribution is mainly available in humans compared to dairy animals
PPARβ/δ expression is dominant in the skeletal muscles and controls the translation of genes associated with energy metabolism [71,84,85,86]
Summary
Dairy animals provide milk and dairy products, which are considered some of the most important sources of nutrients for the human diet globally. In contrast to other messengers, ligands are one of the intercellular messengers that can cross the plasma membrane barrier and directly interact with nuclear receptors instead of interacting with cells surface receptors These nuclear receptors, once activated, can directly regulate the transcription of respective genes and control many biological processes, including the reproduction, development, proliferation of cells, and metabolism. A literature survey showed that information regarding the role of PPARs in lipid metabolism, the regulation of the expression of different genes and proteins and tissue distribution is mainly available in humans compared to dairy animals. Bionaz et al analyzed the relative distribution of PPARs in bovine tissues of dairy cows and bovine cell lines through gene expression analysis by qPCR [14].
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