Abstract
The specificity of a diagnostic assay depends upon the purity of the biomolecules used as a probe. To get specific and accurate information of a disease, the use of synthetic peptides in diagnostics have increased in the last few decades, because of their high purity profile and ability to get modified chemically. The discovered peptide probes are used either in imaging diagnostics or in non-imaging diagnostics. In non-imaging diagnostics, techniques such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), lateral flow devices (i.e., point-of-care testing), or microarray or LC-MS/MS are used for direct analysis of biofluids. Among all, peptide-based ELISA is considered to be the most preferred technology platform. Similarly, peptides can also be used as probes for imaging techniques, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). The role of radiolabeled peptides, such as somatostatin receptors, interleukin 2 receptor, prostate specific membrane antigen, αβ3 integrin receptor, gastrin-releasing peptide, chemokine receptor 4, and urokinase-type plasminogen receptor, are well established tools for targeted molecular imaging ortumor receptor imaging. Low molecular weight peptides allow a rapid clearance from the blood and result in favorable target-to-non-target ratios. It also displays a good tissue penetration and non-immunogenicity. The only drawback of using peptides is their potential low metabolic stability. In this review article, we have discussed and evaluated the role of peptides in imaging and non-imaging diagnostics. The most popular non-imaging and imaging diagnostic platforms are discussed, categorized, and ranked, as per their scientific contribution on PUBMED. Moreover, the applicability of peptide-based diagnostics in deadly diseases, mainly COVID-19 and cancer, is also discussed in detail.
Highlights
Introduction iationsThe development of accurate diagnostic methods is an urgent need in today’s world.Due to the upsurge of various deadly diseases, rare diseases, and cancer, it is crucial to improve the diagnostic aspects, which will help the clinician to predict and examine therapeutic responses across a wide spectrum of diseases.In the past few decades, immunodiagnostics has been an essential tool for clinical management and prognosis of a disease
As tiple Reaction monitoring were compared on PUBMED using keyword “peptide diagnosper data published on PUBMED, we observed Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) ranked 1st followed by microarray tic”
These peptides typically consist of 10–15 amino acids and capture antigen-specific antibodies from serum samples [18]
Summary
To understand the role of peptide in diagnostics, we have thoroughly investigated the published literature of last decade (w.e.f. 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2020) on the PUBMED MEDLINE database using specific keywords such as “Diagnostic” along with two filters “protein” and “peptide”. We have observed that use of peptides in diagnostics are constant and has been showing linear growth as per data published in 1 years, 5 years, and 10 years on PUBMED (Figure 1B1). January to on the database base using specific keywords, such as “Peptide” with three additional filters such as using specific keywords, such as “Peptide” Data acquired from these searches were based on algorithms algorithms and the results were dependent on the mapping of the articles/reviews/clinical and results were dependent on the mapping thecontain articles/reviews/clinical trials trialsthe related to the keywords as mentioned above.
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