Abstract
The most preferable mode of drugs administration is via the oral route but physiological barriers such as pH, enzymatic degradation etc. limit the absolute use of this route. Herein lies the importance of nanotechnology having a wide range of applications in the field of nano-medicine, particularly in drug delivery systems. The exclusive properties particularly small size and high surface area (which can be modified as required), exhibited by these nanoparticlesrender these structures more suitable for the purpose of drug delivery. Various nanostructures, like liposomes, dendrimers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, etc. have been designed for the said purpose. These nanostructures have several advantages over traditional administration of medicine. Apart from overcoming the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics limitations of many potential therapeutic molecules, they may also be useful for advanced drug delivery purposes like targeted drug delivery, controlled release, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In this review, we attempt to describe an up-to-date knowledge on various strategically devised nanostructures to overcome the problems related to oral drug administration.
Highlights
Different therapeutic agents face the problem of low oral bioavailability and the scientific solutions to these problems are highly challenging [1]
Several varieties of dendrimers are available for oral administration, like G3 PAMAM loaded with propranolol, G5 PAMAM loaded with ketoprofen, G0 PAMAM loaded with furosemide, etc [50]
An applicative example is that the risks of intravenous or subcutaneous administration of insulin can be overcome by the oral delivery of insulin via the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) owing to their controllable morphology and high loading efficiency [58]
Summary
Different therapeutic agents face the problem of low oral bioavailability and the scientific solutions to these problems are highly challenging [1]. Oral administration of drugs is the most preferable route to deliver therapeutics because of the patient’s acquiescence and easy administration It is the most desirable mode of drug administration for long term or daily use because of the convenience in doing so. A well thought and tailored designed DDS can partially or fully protect the cargo from the harsh environmental degradation in the stomach and the GI tract due to its encapsulation into the nanostructures that act as their carrier These difficulties add to the poor functioning of nanostructures via oral administration [6]. This review accounts briefly about the nanostructures developed drug delivery so far, for oral administration It describes the advantages and limitations of using such nanostructures for various drugs or natural products having beneficial effects on health and different transport mechanisms across the barriers of the GI tract. A detailed and up to date discussion of the usefulness of those nanostructures for oral medication against some diseases has been explored here
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