Abstract
AbstractNanostructured carbon materials, especially activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have been widely studied for supercapacitor applications. To maximize the efficacy of these materials for electrochemical energy storage, a detailed understanding of the relationship between the nanostructure of these materials and their performance as supercapacitors is required. A fundamental structural parameter obtained from the Raman spectra of these materials, the in-plane correlation length or nanocrystalline domain size, is found to correlate with the electrochemical capacitance, regardless of other morphological features. This correlation for a common nanostructural characteristic is believed to be the first result of its kind to span several distinct nanostructured carbon morphologies, including graphene–carbon nanotubes hybrid materials, and may allow more effective nanoscale engineering of supercapacitor electrode materials.
Highlights
IntroductionNanostructured carbon materials have been widely studied for applications in electrochemical energy storage, including activated carbon,[1,2,3] carbon nanotubes (CNTs),[4,5,6,7] and graphene.[8,9,10,11] Applications of such devices include hybrid structures in automotive energy storage,[12] flexible electronics,[13,14,15] and neural stimulation electrodes.[16]
We present a relationship between this nanocrystalline domain size and the specific capacitance of various carbon nanostructures grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and measured by Raman spectroscopy
The classical relationship between the ID/IG ratio and nanocrystalline domain size was developed by Tuinstra and Koenig[17] as La = C(ID/IG)−1, where La is the in-plane correlation length and C = 44 Å for an excitation wavelength of λL = 514.5 nm
Summary
Nanostructured carbon materials have been widely studied for applications in electrochemical energy storage, including activated carbon,[1,2,3] carbon nanotubes (CNTs),[4,5,6,7] and graphene.[8,9,10,11] Applications of such devices include hybrid structures in automotive energy storage,[12] flexible electronics,[13,14,15] and neural stimulation electrodes.[16]. We present a relationship between this nanocrystalline domain size and the specific capacitance of various carbon nanostructures grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and measured by Raman spectroscopy. Previous works[22,23,24,25,26] have suggested a relationship between graphitic edge planes and specific capacitance for graphite, glassy carbon, highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, carbon nanofibers, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and doped graphene. This work is believed to be the first to quantify the relationship between structural defects, largely contributed by few-layered graphene (FLG) edge planes, and the specific capacitance in terms of nanocrystalline domain size for graphene–CNT hybrid materials. It is believed to be the first study of its kind across materials that span such a large range of domain sizes
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