Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of small RNAs that play a pivotal role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. The role of miRNA in fine-tuning gene expression is essential for growth and development of the plant as well as to cope up with various abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Plant immunity is a well-regulated and complex system. Plants initiate a series of host immune responses upon infestation by microbes. miRNAs have been implicated to play a role in plant-microbe interaction not only in regulation of plant-pathogen interaction but also during symbiosis which is a beneficial interaction. The expression of resistance genes, transcription factors, hormone signaling, and nutrient homeostasis genes is fine-tuned by miRNAs to bring a balance between plant growth and defense. The present chapter will provide an insight into the role of miRNAs in response to bacterial, fungal, viral, aphid infection as well as during symbiosis.
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