Abstract
Agriculture is one of the most ancient practiced and source of livelihood that persist till today. With continuous increase in population, conventional agriculture practices are incapable to feed the whole population and thereby needs support of modern tools and techniques. Microbes perform numerous metabolic functions and improve soil fertility and other physiochemical properties directly or indirectly through nutrient recycling, environmental detoxification, soil health improvement, waste water treatment, etc. The chapter emphasizes on different microbial technologies like biofertilizers, bio-pesticides, PGPR, GMO’s etc. that has great potential in solving major agricultural (crop productivity, plant health protection, and soil health maintenance) and environmental issues (bioremediation of soil and water from organic and inorganic pollutants). It has been postulated that microorganism together with advance biotechnology tools and research can serve as a potential measure in eradication of some of the major global problems in agricultural sustainability, human health and climate change without any serious alteration in environmental variables.
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