Abstract
T cell migration from blood to, and within lymphoid organs and tissue, as well as, T cell activation rely on complex biochemical signaling events. But T cell migration and activation also take place in distinct mechanical environments and lead to drastic morphological changes and reorganization of the acto-myosin cytoskeleton. In this review we discuss how adhesion proteins and the T cell receptor act as mechanosensors to translate these mechanical contexts into signaling events. We further discuss how cell tension could bring a significant contribution to the regulation of T cell signaling and function.
Highlights
To mount a proper adaptive immune response and establish immune memory, T cells carry out many distinct cellular processes
These processes can be grouped in three categories. (a) The adhesion cascade, during which circulating T cells exit the blood flow to roll, adhere and eventually extravasate through the endothelial cell layer. (b) Migration, on the wall of blood or lymph vessels, within lymph nodes and inflamed or cancerous tissues
Passive mechanosensing of the forces resulting from migration and activation, and active touch sensing through the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex probably act together to connect TCR triggering at the same time to the physical environment the T cell evolves in and to ligand selectivity [8]
Summary
T cell migration from blood to, and within lymphoid organs and tissue, as well as, T cell activation rely on complex biochemical signaling events. T cell migration and activation take place in distinct mechanical environments and lead to drastic morphological changes and reorganization of the acto-myosin cytoskeleton. In this review we discuss how adhesion proteins and the T cell receptor act as mechanosensors to translate these mechanical contexts into signaling events. We further discuss how cell tension could bring a significant contribution to the regulation of T cell signaling and function. Edited by: Mario Mellado, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain. Reviewed by: Ronen Alon, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Miguel Vicente-Manzanares, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
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