Abstract
BackgroundThe up-regulation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD) has frequently been observed in macrophages in age-associated disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the role of macrophage CEBPD in the pathogenesis of RA is unclear.Methodology and Principal FindingsWe found that the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) score and the number of affected paws in Cebpd−/− mice were significantly decreased compared with the wild-type (WT) mice. The histological analysis revealed an attenuated CIA in Cebpd−/− mice, as shown by reduced pannus formation and greater integrity of joint architecture in affected paws of Cebpd−/− mice compared with WT mice. In addition, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed decreased pannus proliferation and angiogenesis in Cebpd−/− mice compared with WT mice. CEBPD activated in macrophages played a functional role in promoting the tube formation of endothelial cells and the migration and proliferation of synoviocytes. In vivo DNA binding assays and reporter assays showed that CEBPD up-regulated CCL20, CXCL1, IL23A and TNFAIP6 transcripts through direct binding to their promoter regions. CCL20, IL23A, CXCL1 and TNFAIP6 contributed to the migration and proliferation of synoviocytes, and the latter two proteins were involved in tube formation of endothelial cells. Finally, two anti-inflammatory chemicals, inotilone and rosmanol, reduced the expression of CEBPD and its downstream targets and mitigated the above phenomena.Conclusions and SignificanceCollectively, our findings suggest that CEBPD and its downstream effectors could be biomarkers for the diagnosis of RA and potentially serve as therapeutic targets for RA therapy.
Highlights
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that typically affects the peripheral joints and leads to cartilage and bone destruction [1,2]
Collectively, our findings suggest that CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD) and its downstream effectors could be biomarkers for the diagnosis of RA and potentially serve as therapeutic targets for RA therapy
In evaluating the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) severity using the clinical scores, we found that the symptoms in the Cebpd-deficient group were significantly alleviated compared with those of the WT group post-immunization
Summary
RA is a chronic autoimmune disease that typically affects the peripheral joints and leads to cartilage and bone destruction [1,2]. The inflamed synovium consists of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which increase greatly in mass and become locally invasive. This invasive and destructive front, called a ‘pannus’, necessitates an increase in the vascular supply to the synovium to cope with the increased requirement for oxygen and nutrients. The inflammatory process is characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the joints. The infiltrating cells, such as macrophages, T cells, B cells, monocytes and dendritic cells, play important roles in the pathogenesis of RA. The role of macrophage CEBPD in the pathogenesis of RA is unclear
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