Abstract
Non-enveloped viruses such as members of Picornaviridae and Reoviridae are assembled in the cytoplasm and are generally released by cell lysis. However, recent evidence suggests that some non-enveloped viruses exit from infected cells without lysis, indicating that these viruses may also utilize alternate means for egress. Moreover, it appears that complex, non-enveloped viruses such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and rotavirus interact with lipids during their entry process as well as with lipid rafts during the trafficking of newly synthesized progeny viruses. This review will discuss the role of lipids in the entry, maturation and release of non-enveloped viruses, focusing mainly on BTV.
Highlights
The replication cycle of viruses involves entry into host cells, synthesis of viral genes and proteins, assembly of progeny virus particles and their subsequent egress or release
This pathway of virus entry probably relies on specific conformational changes that occur in the Bluetongue virus (BTV) outer capsid in response to the changing environment of the virion as it enters the endocytic pathway
Compared to the enveloped viruses that have a lipid bilayer that enables fusion of virus and cellular membrane, the non-enveloped naked capsids must adopt alternate strategies to penetrate through the cellular membrane lipid bilayer
Summary
The replication cycle of viruses involves entry into host cells, synthesis of viral genes and proteins, assembly of progeny virus particles and their subsequent egress or release. During infection of cells by enveloped viruses, the lipids present in Viruses 2010, 2 both viral and cellular membranes mediate fusion and fission reactions to facilitate virus entry and egress. Since non-enveloped viruses do not have a lipid envelope, it is generally believed that their entry mechanism does not involve membrane fusion activity and that these viruses are mainly released by cell lysis. Recent data obtained from biochemical and structural studies indicate that the overall mechanisms of both entry (Reoviridae) and release of certain non-enveloped viruses (e.g., members of the Picornaviridae and Reoviridae) are analogous to that of enveloped viruses, and that the capsid proteins can function in these activities in a similar manner to the membrane viral proteins. In this report we will discuss mainly the interaction of Bluetongue virus (BTV) proteins that form a separate genus in the non-enveloped Reoviridae family with membrane lipids both during the virus entry and the exit
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