Abstract
This is a focused review of imaging literature to scope the utility of hybrid brain imaging in neuropsychiatric disorders. The review focuses on brain imaging modalities that utilize hybrid (fusion) techniques to characterize abnormal brain molecular signals in combination with structural and functional changes that have been observed in neuropsychiatric disorders. An overview of clinical hybrid brain imaging technologies for human use is followed by a selective review of the literature that conceptualizes the use of these technologies in understanding basic mechanisms of major neuropsychiatric disorders and their therapeutics. Neuronal network abnormalities are highlighted throughout this review to scope the utility of hybrid imaging as a potential biomarker for each disorder.
Highlights
Neuropsychiatric disorders represent a group of syndromes exhibiting abnormalities in cognition, emotions and/or behaviors
This exciting perspective on measuring network level processes by PET/magnetic resonance (MR) technology is key to understanding neuropsychiatric disorders, as research findings suggest that major psychopathologies involve dysfunction of cognitive and emotion regulation processes and effect distributed brain regions within multiple spanning lobes [19]
Each psychiatric disorder described here should be viewed as a complex puzzle with multiple pieces; where individual pieces to the puzzle are uncovered through different techniques or modalities
Summary
Neuropsychiatric disorders represent a group of syndromes exhibiting abnormalities in cognition, emotions and/or behaviors. The burden of neuropsychiatric disorders is substantial. Health Organization (WHO) report on the global burden of disease indicates a high prevalence of these disorders worldwide. These diseases affect millions of people each year: unipolar depression 151.2 million; bipolar disorder 29.5 million; schizophrenia 26.3 million; Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia. In all regions of the world, neuropsychiatric disorders account for about one-third of adult disability, as measured by years of healthy life lost due to living in less than optimum health [1]
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