Role of hemorrhage in the induction of systemic inflammation and remote organ damage: Analysis of combined pseudo‐fracture and hemorrhagic shock

Abstract

This study was performed to analyze the role of hemorrhage-induced hypotension in the induction of systemic inflammation and remote organ dysfunction. Male C57/BL6 mice (6- to 10-week old and 20-30 g) were used. Animals were either subjected to pseudo-fracture [PF; standardized soft-tissue injury and injection of crushed bone, PF group: n = 9], or PF combined with hemorrhagic shock (HS + PF group: n = 6). Endpoint was 6 h. Systemic inflammation was assessed by IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and NF-κB activity in the lung and liver tissue were obtained to assess remote organ damage. The increases of systemic cytokines are similar for animals subjected to PF and PF + HS (IL-6: 189 pg/ml ± 32.5 vs. 160 pg/ml ± 5.3; IL-10: 60.3 pg/ml ± 15.8 vs. 88 pg/ml ± 32.4). Furthermore, the features (ALT; NF-κB) of liver injury are equally elevated in mice subjected to PF (76.9 U/L ± 4.5) and HS + PF (80 U/L ± 5.5). Lung injury, addressed by MPO activity was more severe in group HS + PF (2.95 ng/ml ± 0.32) than in group PF (1.21 ng/ml ± 0.2). Both PF and additional HS cause a systemic inflammatory response. In addition, hemorrhage seems to be associated with remote affects on the lung.