Abstract
Gut microbiota play an important role in maintaining intestinal health and are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. Recent studies have shown that the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) can interact with gut microbiota to regulate nutrient metabolism. The vagal nerve system communicates between the CNS and ENS to control gastrointestinal tract functions and feeding behavior. Vagal afferent neurons also express receptors for gut peptides that are secreted from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin). Gut microbiota can regulate levels of these gut peptides to influence the vagal afferent pathway and thus regulate intestinal metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In addition, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) can also exert metabolic control through the microbiota-gut-liver axis. This review is mainly focused on the role of gut microbiota in neuroendocrine regulation of nutrient metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain-liver axis.
Highlights
It has been reported that gut microbiota regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, which play an important role in human health and metabolic diseases [1]
The gut microbiota play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, and contribute to maintaining intestinal permeability and functions
The vagal nerve system acts as the key pathway that communicates between the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS)
Summary
It has been reported that gut microbiota regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, which play an important role in human health and metabolic diseases [1]. Gut microbiota can regulate these gut peptides, such as CCK, ghrelin, leptin, PYY, GLP-1, 5-HT levels to influence vagal afferent pathway, and regulated intestinal metabolic metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis [23,24,25]. Gut microbiota can regulate levels of gut peptides to influence the vagal afferent pathway and regulate intestinal metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis [23,24,25]. This article mainly summarizes the role of the gut microbiota in neuroendocrine regulation of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids via the microbiota-gut-brain-liver axis. Nutrient Metabolism (Carbohydrate, Lipid, Amino Acid) and Their Interaction with Gut Microbiota
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