Abstract
Juvenile hormone and ecdysone are key regulators in the metamorphosis and development. Grocho (Gro) is a highly conserved protein required for metamorphosis and development. Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is a major pest affecting rice production in China and many Asian countries. Although the molecular function of Gro has been investigated in holometabolous insects such as Aedes aegypti and Drosophila melanogaster, their role in the hemimetabolous insect, brown planthopper, and the relationship between NlGro/NlGro1-L and JH/ecdysone signaling pathway, remained unknown. In this study, NlGroucho (NlGro) and NlGroucho1-like (NlGro1-L) were cloned. An analysis of the predicted protein sequence showed that NlGro has highly conserved Q domain and WD40 domain, and NlGro1-L has a highly conserved WD40 domain. The expression profiles of both genes were studied by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Their relative expressions were high in egg, head, wing, ovary, and testis. NlGro and NlGro1-L were found to interact genetically with juvenile hormone and ecdysone signaling by hormone treatment and RNAi of JH/ecdysone signaling-related genes. Moreover, when NlGro or NlGro1-L was down-regulated alone, the survival rate was decreased, the ovarian development was delayed, and the oviposition was also affected. All defects were aggravated when NlGro and NlGro1-L were down-regulated together. This study will help to develop new pesticides on the basis of the function of NlGro and NlGro1-L, and provide new possibilities for the control of Nilaparvata lugens.
Highlights
Insects must undergo a process of molting and metamorphosis during their growth and development
The molecular function of Gro has been investigated in holometabolous insects, such as Aedes aegypti and Drosophila melanogaster, their role in the hemimetabolous insect, brown planthopper, and the relationship between NlGro/NlGro1-L and the juvenile hormone (JH)/ecdysone signaling pathway, especially key players of the JH/ecdysone signaling pathway, such as
The fifth instar nymphs injected with dsRNA were dissected and sampled 3 days after emergence, while the sample was ground with a grinding pestle on ice and centrifuged to collect the supernatant
Summary
Insects must undergo a process of molting and metamorphosis during their growth and development. Ecdysone is a sterol compound that is synthesized by insect prothoracic gland and secreted into the hemolymph [5] Both JH and ED are key regulatory hormones in the metamorphosis and development [6,7,8]. Gro does not directly bind to DNA, but it can bind to transcription factors to regulate transcription [21] Both Drosophila Gro and human TLE1 proteins have been shown to physically interact with Hairy (human homologue HES) [18]. The molecular function of Gro has been investigated in holometabolous insects, such as Aedes aegypti and Drosophila melanogaster, their role in the hemimetabolous insect, brown planthopper, and the relationship between NlGro/NlGro1-L and the JH/ecdysone signaling pathway, especially key players of the JH/ecdysone signaling pathway, such as. NlGro and NlGro1-L were cloned, and their expression at different developmental stages and in different tissues was measured; the relationship between NlGro/NlGro1-L and JH/ecdysone signaling pathway was investigated through survival rate, development, and reproduction
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