Abstract
Effects of green macroalgae 55% ethanolic extract Enteromorpha prolifera through an ultrafiltration membrane of 3 kDa (EPE3k) on antidiabetic activity, gut microbiota, and regulation mechanism were investigated in high-fat/high-sucrose diet and streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. The structural characterizations of its major compounds in EPE3k were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the intestinal microflora modulation in diabetic mice was also investigated with high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The proposed presence of polyphenols in EPE3k was confirmed. EPE3k could significantly decrease the fasting blood glucose and improve fasting glucose tolerance. The hypoglycemic effect of EPE3k was via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and suppression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in liver. EPE3k treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia and decreased the proportion of Alistipes and Turicibacter. The above results indicated that EPE3k could be provided as a new potential therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetic mellitus.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for more than 90% of all diabetes
The present results suggested that EPE3k treatment had a strong hypoglycemic activity and improved the oral glucose tolerance on
The anti-diabetic effects of E. prolifera polyphenols have been validated in vivo
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for more than 90% of all diabetes. Insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction are the two features of T2DM. The novel natural medicines with high efficiency and low toxicity have a critical preparedness for against T2DM [3]. Marine algae are well-known healthy food and contains a variety of biologically active compounds such as pigments, fucoidans, phycocolloids, and phenolic compounds [2,4]. Marine algal polyphenols had a variety of physiological activities such as hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticoagulation, antitumor, antivirus, and anti-aging [5,6,7,8]. Enteromorpha prolifera is one of the most popular marine green algae in Asian countries and contains many bioactive compounds [9]. It was increasingly recognized that these natural phytochemicals contributed to the functional nutritional food industries [10,11]. Functional ingredients of E. prolifera have been rarely found to possess antidiabetic properties
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