Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a polygenic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia occurring as a result of impaired insulin secretion or insulin resistance. Various environmental and genetic factors interact and increase the risk of T2DM and its complications. Among the various genetic factors associated with T2DM, single nucleotide polymorphism in different candidate genes have been studied intensively and the resulting genetic variants have been found to have either positive or negative association with T2DM thereby increasing or decreasing the risk of T2DM, respectively. In this review, we will focus on Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta 3 (GNB3), Norepinephrine Transporter (NET), Potassium Channel gene (KCNJ11), Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) and Glucocorticoid receptor (GRL) genes and their association with T2DM studied in different ethnic groups. The products of these genes are involved in the biochemical pathway leading to T2DM. Polymorphisms in these genes have been intensively studied in individuals of different ethnic origins. Results show that genetic variants of TCF7L2 and KCNJ11 genes have potential to emerge as a risk biomarker for T2DM whereas results of GNB3, GRL and NET genes have been controversial when studied in individuals of different ethnicities. We have tried to summarize the results generated globally in context to the selected genes which could possibly help researchers working in this field and would eventually help in understanding the mechanistic pathways of T2DM leading early diagnosis and prevention.

Highlights

  • Diabetes mellitus is a widely recognized major health issues affecting more than 170 million individuals worldwide

  • We will focus on Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta 3 (GNB3), Norepinephrine Transporter (NET), Potassium Channel gene (KCNJ11), Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) and Glucocorticoid receptor (GRL) genes and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) studied in different ethnic groups

  • Results show that genetic variants of TCF7L2 and KCNJ11 genes have potential to emerge as a risk biomarker for T2DM, whereas results of GNB3, GRL and NET genes have been controversial when studied in individuals of different ethnicities

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Summary

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a widely recognized major health issues affecting more than 170 million individuals worldwide. The products of these genes are involved in the biochemical pathway leading to T2DM. KCNJ11 gene product was found to regulate insulin secretion; TCF7L2 is involved in survival and functioning of beta cells (Shu et al 2008) and insulin secretion, while GRL plays role in beta cell function Polymorphisms in these genes have been intensively studied in individuals of different ethnic origins. Results show that genetic variants of TCF7L2 and KCNJ11 genes have potential to emerge as a risk biomarker for T2DM, whereas results of GNB3, GRL and NET genes have been controversial when studied in individuals of different ethnicities. Arab Caucasian Japanese Japanese Asian Indian Hispanic American population Danish South Indians

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