Abstract
The dysregulation of glucose metabolism that includes the modification of biomolecules with the help of glycation reaction results in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The formation of AGEs may activate receptors for advanced glycation end products which induce intracellular signaling, ultimately enhancing oxidative stress, a well-known contributor to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, AGEs are possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. This review article highlights the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of the Nymphaea species, and the screening of such aquatic plants for antiglycation activity may provide a safer alternative to the adverse effects related to glucotoxicity. Since oxidation and glycation are relatively similar to each other, therefore, there is a possibility that the Nymphaea species may also have antiglycating properties because of its powerful antioxidant properties. Herbal products and their derivatives are the preeminent resources showing prominent medicinal properties for most of the chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Among these, the Nymphaea species has also shown elevated activity in scavenging free radicals. This species has a load of phytochemical constituents which shows various therapeutic and nutritional value including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant profiles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article highlighting the possibility of an antiglycation value of the Nymphaea species by inhibiting AGEs in mediation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hope that in the next few years, the clinical and therapeutic potential may be explored and highlight a better perspective on the Nymphaea species in the inhibition of AGEs and its associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus causes tremendous social and economic burdens globally
The severity of diabetes leads to vascular, retinal, renal, hepatic, and neurological complications that include structural and functional alterations [2]. These accelerate the complications of various pathophysiological mechanisms, including metabolic syndromes and oxidative stress
Persistent hyperglycemia-associated diabetes plays a crucial role in the development and progression of diabetes-associated secondary complications by facilitating the nonenzymatic protein glycation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) [4]
Summary
Diabetes mellitus causes tremendous social and economic burdens globally. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2017 revealed a global estimation of 451 million people with diabetes mellitus that is expected to rise to around 700 million by 2045; approximately 5 million deaths are presently attributable to the disease [1]. The hyperglycemic load promotes nonenzymatic covalent reactions between the aldehyde form of sugars with a reactive amino group of lysine and arginine residues of proteins and lipoproteins [5] This is further rearranged into more stable structures called Amadori products, BioMed Research International which undergo oxidation, generating dicarbonyl compounds to form cross-linked structures termed as AGEs [6]. It adversely affects the cellular metabolism, alters the structure and functional properties of proteins, and is involved in various human disorders [8] This shows that an extreme AGE level plays a primary role in promoting the initiation and progression of diabetic state-induced complications that include atherosclerosis, nephropathy, and retinopathy [10]. Several compounds are under study, only a few have successfully moved to the clinical trials but none of these have yet been approved for clinical use
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