Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM), a commonly used protein source for animal feed, contains anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitor, phytate, oligosaccharides among others, which limit its utilization. Microbial fermentation using bacteria or fungi has the capability to improve nutritional value of SBM by altering the native composition. Both submerged and solid state fermentation processes can be used for this purpose. Bacterial and fungal fermentations result in degradation of various anti-nutritional factors, an increase in amount of small-sized peptides and improved content of both essential and non-essential amino acids. However, the resulting fermented products vary in levels of nutritional components as the two species used for fermentation differ in their metabolic activities. Compared to SBM, feeding non-ruminants with fermented SBM has several beneficial effects including increased average daily gain, improved growth performance, better protein digestibility, decreased immunological reactivity and undesirable morphological changes like absence of granulated pinocytotic vacuoles.
Highlights
Soybean (SB) (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) is a legume native to Asia, widely grown for its consumption as nonfermented and fermented products
Raw SB is toxic to nonruminants due to the presence of high concentration of serine protease inhibitors or trypsin inhibitors (TI) (Dunsford et al, 1989; Li et al, 1990)
Soybean meal (SBM) is the material remaining after extraction of oil from SB flakes, with about 48% crude protein (CP) content
Summary
Soybean (SB) (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) is a legume native to Asia, widely grown for its consumption as nonfermented (soymilk, tofu, soy nuts, etc.) and fermented (miso, sufu, natto, etc.) products. Soy-based foods are known to have good nutritional and functional qualities, due to their high protein and oil content and because of phytochemicals, notably the isoflavones (Kishida et al, 2000). Acceptance of SB protein products as animal feed has increased because of low cost and high nutritional value with a good amino acid (AA) balance (Frias et al, 2008). Raw SB is toxic to nonruminants due to the presence of high concentration of serine protease inhibitors or trypsin inhibitors (TI) (Dunsford et al, 1989; Li et al, 1990)
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