Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes, are nanosized membrane-enveloped vesicles containing different bioactive cargo, such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA, and other small regulatory RNAs. Cell-derived EVs, including EVs originating from stem cells, may capture components from damaged cells or cells impacted by therapeutic treatments. Interestingly, EVs derived from stem cells can be preconditioned to produce and secrete EVs with different therapeutic properties, particularly with respect to heat-shock proteins and other molecular cargo contents. This behavior is consistent with stem cells that also respond differently to various microenvironments. Heat-shock proteins play roles in cellular protection and mediate cellular resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and heat shock. This review highlights the possible roles EVs play in mediating cellular plasticity and survival when exposed to different physical and chemical stressors, with a special focus on the respiratory distress due to the air pollution.
Highlights
The bystander effect (BE) is a phenomenon where cells naïve to stress exhibit stress effects following exposure to signals from stressed cells [1]
These vesicles can be categorized into three main groups: apoptotic bodies released during apoptosis, microvesicles formed by plasma membrane budding, and nanosized Extracellular vesicles (EVs) called exosomes that are secreted by endocytosis [30, 31]
Stressed stem cells and other differentiated cells release EVs containing promising protective messengers that can be delivered to other cells
Summary
The bystander effect (BE) is a phenomenon where cells naïve to stress exhibit stress effects following exposure to signals from stressed cells [1]. Other studies have revealed that HSPs can be secreted in free form by cells undergoing necrosis, such as when mechanical disruption damages membrane integrity and releases HSPs [24], or secreted in membranebound extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes [25,26,27,28]. According to a recent statement from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), EVs are lipid bilayer vesicles released by cells into the surrounding environment [29] These vesicles can be categorized into three main groups: apoptotic bodies released during apoptosis, microvesicles formed by plasma membrane budding, and nanosized EVs called exosomes that are secreted by endocytosis [30, 31]. This review will discuss different EV profiles and contents and how these variable factors induce the BE and modulate metabolic responses in the recipient cells
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