Abstract
Mitotic or meiotic cell reproduction requires DNA replication. This mechanism ensures a faithful duplication of the exact genetic code. Whereas such approach is essential when organisms live in the stable environment, however, it does not allow adaptation to the contrasting environment because mutations are very rare and random. Fortunately, organisms can mount a quick epigenetic response including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the differential expression of various noncoding RNAs. These modifications do not change the genetic code, but rather allow cells and organisms to respond to the environment in a flexible and efficient manner. Epigenetic modifications are essential for the response to the environment at both somatic and transgenerational levels. The latter is especially important for the immediate plant survival and for the long-term adaptation to adverse conditions. In this chapter, we discuss various epigenetic mechanisms of regulation of genome stability, especially those ones that contribute to transgenerational changes.
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