Abstract
Environmental factors are recognized as risk factors of thyroid cancer in humans. Exposure to radiation, both from nuclear weapon or fallout or medical radiation, and to some organic and inorganic chemical toxicants represent a worldwide public health issue for their proven carcinogenicity. Halogenated compounds, such as organochlorines and pesticides, are able to disrupt thyroid function. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their metabolites and polybrominated diethyl ethers bind to thyroid, transport proteins, replace thyroxin, and disrupt thyroid function as phthalates and bisphenolates do, highly mimicking thyroid hormones. A better knowledge of environmental risks represents a very important tool for cancer prevention through true risks prevention and management. This approach is very important because of the epigenetic origin’s theory of cancer. Therefore, the aim of this review was study the association between environmental agents and thyroid cancer promotion.
Highlights
Air, water and soil contamination have a detrimental effect on people’s health
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are compounds widely used in consumer products including electronics, vehicles, plastics, and textiles to reduce flammability [16]
The results of this study suggested that lead might have different etiological roles in these three thyroid diseases including thyroid cancer [49]
Summary
Water and soil contamination have a detrimental effect on people’s health. Several diseases are associated to environmental pollutants including male/female fertility, cancers, metabolic and thyroid conditions, allergy, etc. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9].Among cancers, thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine tumor with the largest annual incidence increase in the United States due to the improvement of the diagnostic technologies.We forecast that thyroid cancer will be the third most common cancer in women by 2019, with a cost of $19–21 billion in the United States alone, and it will represent the fourth cancer diagnosis by2030 [10,11]. Several diseases are associated to environmental pollutants including male/female fertility, cancers, metabolic and thyroid conditions, allergy, etc. Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine tumor with the largest annual incidence increase in the United States due to the improvement of the diagnostic technologies. We forecast that thyroid cancer will be the third most common cancer in women by 2019, with a cost of $19–21 billion in the United States alone, and it will represent the fourth cancer diagnosis by. Thyroid carcinoma occurs more frequently in females (2–4 times) than in males [12], and is rare in children and adolescents, even if malignancy of thyroid nodules occur more frequently in young individuals [11,13]. The global incidence rate in women of 10.2 per 100,000 is 3 times higher than in men; the disease represents
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