Abstract
Hypertension is a major and correctable cardiovascular risk factor. The correct diagnosis of hypertension and precise assessment of cardiovascular risk are essential to give proper treatment in patients with hypertension. Although echocardiography is the second-line study in the evaluation of hypertensive patients, it gives many clues suggesting bad prognosis associated with hypertension, including increased left ventricular (LV) mass, decreased LV systolic function, impaired LV diastolic function, and increased left atrial size and decreased function. Along with conventional echocardiographic methods, tissue Doppler imaging, three-dimensional echocardiography, and strain echocardiography are newer echocardiographic modalities in the evaluation of hypertensive patients in the current echocardiographic laboratories. Understanding conventional and newer echocardiographic parameters is important in the diagnosis and assessment of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases are major leading health problems in the world [1], and hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and stroke which have significantly higher morbidity and mortality [2]. the echocardiographic examination is usually recommended as a second-line study in the evaluation of hypertensive patients, it is one of most commonly used imaging modality and has given insights into pathophysiology and clinical implications in patients with hypertension
The echocardiographic examination is usually recommended as a second-line study in the evaluation of hypertensive patients, it is one of most commonly used imaging modality and has given insights into pathophysiology and clinical implications in patients with hypertension
Kang et al [33] reported longitudinal strain was decreased in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular (LV) systolic function, and it was correlated with serum level of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 level, a marker of myocardial fibrosis
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases are major leading health problems in the world [1], and hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and stroke which have significantly higher morbidity and mortality [2]. the echocardiographic examination is usually recommended as a second-line study in the evaluation of hypertensive patients, it is one of most commonly used imaging modality and has given insights into pathophysiology and clinical implications in patients with hypertension. Echocardiographic evaluation of LV mass and systolic and diastolic LV function is recommended in patients with hypertension suspected to have LV dysfunction or coronary artery disease (grade D). Initial evaluation of known or suspected heart failure (HF), systolic or diastolic, based on symptoms, signs, or abnormal test results, is appropriate (appropriate use score 9).
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