Abstract
Seed treatment with non-thermal plasma has seen a tremendous increase in both direct and indirect applications recently. In this review, we examined the effects of direct plasma irradiation, plasma-activated water (PAW), plasma-activated Ringer's lactate solution, and plasma-treated soil on seeds, resulting in positive, negative, and neutral changes. Furthermore, we will compare the impact of pressure and feed gases on seed germination and seedling growth. Additionally, we focused on the types of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and their concentrations produced in the gas and liquid phases, as these play a crucial role in germination percentage and seedling growth. In conclusion, we find that plasma agriculture's success is contingent on seed morphology, the types and concentrations of reactive species, and specific plasma characteristics.
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