Abstract
Recent studies have shown that mental script-based rehearsal and simulation-based training improve the transfer of surgical skills in various medical disciplines. Despite significant advances in technology and intraoperative techniques over the last several decades, surgical skills training on neurosurgical operations still carries significant risk of serious morbidity or mortality. Potentially avoidable technical errors are well recognized as contributing to poor surgical outcome. Surgical education is undergoing overwhelming change, as a result of the reduction of work hours and current trends focusing on patient safety and linking reimbursement with clinical outcomes. Thus, there is a need for adjunctive means for neurosurgical training, which is a recent advancement in simulation technology. ImmersiveTouch is an augmented reality system that integrates a haptic device and a high-resolution stereoscopic display. This simulation platform uses multiple sensory modalities, re-creating many of the environmental cues experienced during an actual procedure. Modules available include ventriculostomy, bone drilling, percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy, and simulated spinal modules such as pedicle screw placement, vertebroplasty, and lumbar puncture. We present our experience with the development of such augmented reality neurosurgical modules and the feedback from neurosurgical residents.
Highlights
Neurological surgery is characterized by technically sophisticated procedures requiring years of training to minimize the risk to the patient
We present our experience with development of such augmented reality (AR) neurosurgical modules and the feedback from neurosurgical residents
Virtual and augmented reality environments represent a crucial advancement toward enriching the training of both neurosurgical residents as well as providing a platform for experienced surgeons to maintain their skills
Summary
Neurological surgery is characterized by technically sophisticated procedures requiring years of training to minimize the risk to the patient. Yudkowsky et al.[11] demonstrated via the use of a multiple case library that IT was a beneficial system for ventriculostomy training This was tested with neurosurgery residents’ ability to successfully place a ventricular catheter into normal, shifted, and small ventricles using a virtual head library derived from patient data. A VR simulation module designed to demonstrate pedicle screw placement would be a very helpful tool in allowing surgeons to master their surgical acumen for this procedure. (Figure 7 A, B, C, D) .The thoracic pedicle screw placement module developed by Luciano et al.[17] provides users with the ability to practice this procedure. The vertebroplasty module is a variant of the percutaneous pedicle screw placement training system It is an example of adaptation and exaptation of ImmersiveTouch simulation to relevant variants of procedures
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