Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease and has an inconspicuous onset and progressive development. Clinically, it is characterized by severe dementia manifestations, including memory impairment, aphasia, apraxia, loss of recognition, impairment of visual-spatial skills, executive dysfunction, and changes in personality and behavior. Its etiology is unknown to date. However, several cellular biological signatures of AD have been identified such as synaptic dysfunction, β-amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau, cofilin-actin rods, and Hirano bodies which are related to the actin cytoskeleton. Cofilin is one of the most affluent and common actin-binding proteins and plays a role in cell motility, migration, shape, and metabolism. They also play an important role in severing actin filament, nucleating, depolymerizing, and bundling activities. In this review, we summarize the structure of cofilins and their functional and regulating roles, focusing on the synaptic dysfunction, β-amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau, cofilin-actin rods, and Hirano bodies of AD.
Highlights
The cytoskeleton is the network structure of protein fibers in eukaryotic cells, including microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate fibers (Mullins and Hansen, 2013)
Aβ plays a crucial role in cofilin deregulation through the LIMK1 pathways
Cofilin activated by dephosphorylation replaced the tau from microtubules that results in the tau hyperphosphorylation and inhibition of the tau-mediated microtubule dynamics
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease and has an inconspicuous onset and progressive development It is characterized by severe dementia manifestations, including memory impairment, aphasia, apraxia, loss of recognition, impairment of visual-spatial skills, executive dysfunction, and changes in personality and behavior. Cofilin is one of the most affluent and common actinbinding proteins and plays a role in cell motility, migration, shape, and metabolism. They play an important role in severing actin filament, nucleating, depolymerizing, and bundling activities. We summarize the structure of cofilins and their functional and regulating roles, focusing on the synaptic dysfunction, β-amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau, cofilin-actin rods, and Hirano bodies of AD
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