Abstract
Bone homeostasis is maintained through a balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Aging induces bone loss due to decreased osteoblastic bone formation and increased osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoporosis with its accompanying decrease in bone mass is widely recognized as a major public health problem. Nutritional factors may play a role in the prevention of bone loss with aging. Among various carotenoids (carotene and xanthophylls including beta (β)-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, β-carotene, astaxanthin, and rutin), β-cryptoxanthin, which is abundant in Satsuma mandarin orange (Citrus unshiu MARC.), has been found to have a stimulatory effect on bone calcification in vitro. β-cryptoxanthin has stimulatory effects on osteoblastic bone formation and inhibitory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro, thereby increasing bone mass. β-cryptoxanthin has an effect on the gene expression of various proteins that are related osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resororption in vitro. The intake of β-cryptoxanthin may have a preventive effect on bone loss in animal models for osteoporosis and in healthy human or postmenopausal women. Epidemiological studies suggest a potential role of β-cryptoxanthin as a sustainable nutritional approach to improving bone health of human subjects. β-Cryptoxanthin may be an osteogenic factor in preventing osteoporosis in human subjects.
Highlights
Bone is a dynamic tissue that preserves skeletal size, shape, and structural integrity and to regulate mineral homeostasis
There is growing evidence that the supplementation of nutritional and food factors may have the preventive effect on bone loss that is induced in animal model of osteoporosis and in Correspondence: yamamasa1155@yahoo.co.jp Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Rhodes Center, Room 448, Athens, GA 30602-2771, USA
Chemical compounds in food and plants, which regulate on bone homeostasis, have been to be worthy of notice in maintaining of bone health and prevention of bone loss with increasing age [7,8,9,10,11,12,13]
Summary
Bone is a dynamic tissue that preserves skeletal size, shape, and structural integrity and to regulate mineral homeostasis. The intake of the b-cyptoxanthin reinforced juice for 28 or 56 days caused an increase in serum g-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration and a corresponding decrease in serum bone TRACP activity and N-telopeptide of type I collagen [68] These findings suggest that the intake of b-cyptoxanthin reinforced juice has a stimulatory effect on osteoblastic bone formation and inhibitory effect on osteoclastic bone resorption in normal individuals [68]. In menopausal women (36 volunteers), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity and g-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration were increased after the intake of juice containing b-cryptoxanthin (3.0 or 6.0 mg/day) for 56 days as compared with the value obtained after placebo intake [70] This intake caused a decrease in bone TRACP activity and type I collagen N-telopeptide concentration. This may be important in maintaining bone health in human life with food intake
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