Abstract
The biomedical properties of nanoparticles have been the area of focus for contemporary science; however, there are issues concerning their long-term toxicities. Recent trends in nanoparticle fabrication and surface manipulation, the use of distinctive biogenic capping agents, have allowed the preparation of nontoxic, surface-functionalized, and monodispersed nanoparticles for medical applications. These capping agents act as stabilizers or binding molecules that prevent agglomeration and steric hindrance, alter the biological activity and surface chemistry, and stabilize the interaction of nanoparticles within the preparation medium. Explicit features of nanoparticles are majorly ascribed to the capping present on their surface. The present review article is an attempt to compile distinctive biological capping agents deployed in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles along with the medical applications of these capped nanoparticles. First, this innovative review highlights the various biogenic capping agents, including biomolecules and biological extracts of plants and microorganisms. Next, the therapeutic applications of capped nanoparticles and the effect of biomolecules on the efficiency of the nanoparticles have been expounded. Finally, challenges and future directions on the use of biological capping agents have been concluded. The goal of the present review article is to provide a comprehensive report to researchers who are looking for alternative biological capping agents for the green synthesis of important metallic nanoparticles.
Highlights
Nanoparticles are generally defined as small-sized particles with core-shell structure falling in the nanoscale range of 1–100 nm with broad properties like catalytic, optical, magnetic, mechanical, superior reactivity, electric, and thermal conductivity (Agarwal et al, 2017; Salem and Fouda, 2021; Ting and Chin, 2020)
To address the problems associated with the chemical capping agents, size, shape, agglomeration, and monodispersity of nanoparticles in the chemical and physical methods, green synthesis methods are based upon the usage of biodegradable, well-dispersed, biosoluble, biologically acceptable reducing, stabilizing, or capping agents so that they can be suitable in the living systems ( Singh et al, 2015; Javed et al, 2020; Ocsoy et al, 2018)
The results showed that AgNPs synthesized at higher temperature (95°C), at higher pH values (>6.65), and at higher extract concentration are superior being crystalline and spherical with an average particle size of 10 ± 2 nm (Aboelfetoh et al, 2017)
Summary
Nanoparticles are generally defined as small-sized particles with core-shell structure falling in the nanoscale range of 1–100 nm with broad properties like catalytic, optical, magnetic, mechanical, superior reactivity, electric, and thermal conductivity (Agarwal et al, 2017; Salem and Fouda, 2021; Ting and Chin, 2020). There may be a pressing want to go looking and searching for green capping agents in order to secure the biological system and the environment (Sharma et al, 2019) Keeping this in mind, green synthesis nowadays is focusing more on the naturally occurring reducing and stabilizing agents like carbohydrates (glucose, lactose, sucrose, fructose, cellulose, starch, and chitosan), proteins (collagen, enzymes, and albumin), amino acids (protein and nonprotein), lipids, honey, nucleic acid (DNA), and biological extracts (plants, bacteria, viruses, and fungal extracts) (Al-Zaban et al, 2021; Caschera et al, 2020; Chowdhury et al, 2014; Javed et al, 2020; Nogueira et al, 2019; Ocsoy et al, 2018; Ogundare and Zyl, 2018; Rather et al, 2019; Verma and Kumar et al, 2019). We mainly highlight the use of biological capping agents in the synthesis of nanoparticles, their therapeutic potential, and the efficiency of the capped nanoparticles
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