Abstract
Aldynoglia are growth-promoting cells with a morphology similar to radial glia and share properties and markers with astrocytes and Schwann cells. They are distributed in several locations throughout the adult central nervous system, where the cells of the aldynoglia interact and respond to the signals of the immune cells. After spinal cord injury (SCI), the functions of resident aldynoglia, identified as ependymocytes, tanycytes, and ependymal stem cells (EpSCs) of the spinal cord are crucial for the regeneration of spinal neural tissue. These glial cells facilitate axonal regrowth and remyelination of injured axons. Here, we review the influence of M1 or M2 macrophage/microglia subpopulations on the fate of EpSCs during neuroinflammation and immune responses in the acute, subacute, and chronic phases after SCI.
Highlights
Grupo de Química Neuro-Regenerativa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Abstract: Aldynoglia are growth-promoting cells with a morphology similar to radial glia and share properties and markers with astrocytes and Schwann cells
Müller’s cells are the primary glial radial cells specializing in the retina, encompassing the neural retina’s thickness, from the surface of the lens to the subretinal space (Table 1; Figure 1). These subpopulations of aldynoglia cells express p75 NGFR, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), and vimentin [12,13]. They differ from the radial glial cells of the cortex as they do not act as progenitor cells, nor do they serve as a matrix for neuron migration during retinal development, but they maintain characteristics such as progenitors, expressing progenitorlike genes, and can proliferate and generate neurons under certain conditions [20]
The first immune cells to arrive after injury are neutrophils, which will be responsible for the first cleansing of cell debris; these will activate cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, inflammation proteins of the macrophages MIP-1α and MIP-1β, proteases, and free radicals, which will favor the activation of glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) [44,45]
Summary
In the central nervous system (CNS), the activity of glial cells plays an essential role. They act like cellular support and constituting a source of growth factors in the CNS. The function of aldynoglia, a glial cell subtype, promotes axonal growth, ensheathing, and myelination of neurons [3]. The close relationship between glial cells and neurons is of great importance for the functioning of CNS, both for myelination and the transmission of neurotransmitters, even if they come from a different progeny of precursor cells [6]. In the spinal cord are the ependymal cells, tanycytes, and cells of the central canal; together they are called aldynoglia cells, which remain in adulthood [6,7].
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