Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex condition caused by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by autoimmune mechanisms. As a result, insulin deficiency and subsequent hyperglycemia occur. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the development of T1DM. The study is designed as an observational case-control study, involving 52 diabetic patients and 66 controls. Z scores for Body Mass Index (BMI), weight, height, and adiponectin and TNF-α serum levels were assessed in both groups. The T1DM group had significantly higher TNF-α levels and a significantly higher proportion of high-risk patients for inflammation based on TNF-α values as compared to the control group, while both groups had statistically similar adiponectin levels and a similar proportion of high/medium-risk patients based on adiponectin values. TNF-α plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and evolution of T1DM and it may represent an additional marker of disease progression, as well as a potential target of immunotherapeutic strategies. In the present study, no statistically significant differences were recorded in adiponectin levels neither in diabetic patients and controls, nor in high/medium severity risk diabetic patients.
Highlights
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of some specific cytokines such as adiponectin and TNF-α in the pathogenesis and evolution of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children and adolescents, by searching possible correlations between laboratory values and risk of T1DM, as well as to determine whether there is a link between serum levels of certain biomarkers and Z scores for weight, height, and Body Mass Index (BMI), age at the onset of the disease, association of other autoimmune disorders and onset of complications in T1DM pediatric patients
Similar findings as in the present paper were recorded in another study where no difference serum adiponectin levels were not correlated with diabetes duration or HbA1C, but they were had been found in adiponectin levels between diabetic patients and healthy controls
Several disease-promoting cytokines known as markers of inflammation or adiposity are dysregulated in T1DM children and adolescents
Summary
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a multifaceted autoimmune metabolic disorder characterized by chronic idiopathic or immune-mediated, selective, specific destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to partial or, in most cases, total insulin deficiency and development of hyperglycemia [1,2].It results from the interaction of three main factors: genetical, environmental, and immunological.Environmental trigger factors and insults in early life can activate self-targeting immune cascades.Cytokines and chemokines have a significant role in the stimulation, regulation, and intercellular signaling of immune cells, mediating insulitis, and beta cell destruction by islet autoantibodies [2,3,4,5,6].Increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is strongly correlated with obesity in adulthood. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a multifaceted autoimmune metabolic disorder characterized by chronic idiopathic or immune-mediated, selective, specific destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to partial or, in most cases, total insulin deficiency and development of hyperglycemia [1,2]. It results from the interaction of three main factors: genetical, environmental, and immunological. Obese children are at a high risk of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and increased morbidity and mortality rates in their adult lives [7].
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