Role of Activin and Other Peptide Growth Factors in Body Patterning in the Early Amphibian Embryo

Abstract

The amphibian body plan is established as the result of a series of inductive interactions. During early cleavage stages cells in the vegetal hemisphere induce overlying animal hemisphere cells to form mesoderm. The interaction represents the first major body-patterning event and is mediated by peptide growth factors. Various peptide growth factors have been implicated in mesoderm development, including most notably members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. Identification of the so-called "natural" inducer from among the several candidate peptide growth factors is being achieved by employing several experimental strategies, including the use of a tissue explant assay for testing potential inducers, cloning of marker genes as indices of early induction events, and microinjection of altered peptide growth factor receptors to disrupt normal embryonic inductions. Activin emerges as the most likely choice for assignment of the role of endogenous mesoderm inducer, because it currently best fulfills the rigorous set of criteria expected of such an important embryonic signaling molecule. Activin, however, may not act alone in mesoderm induction. Other peptide growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor might be involved, especially in the regional patterning of the mesoderm. In addition, several genes (e.g., Wnt and noggin), which are expressed after the mesoderm is initially induced, probably assist in further definition of the mesoderm pattern. Following mesoderm induction, the primary embryonic organizer tissue (first described in 1924 by Spemann) develops and contributes further to body patterning by its action as a neural inducer. Peptide growth factors such as activin may also be involved in the inductive event, either directly (by facilitating gene expression) or indirectly (by serving to constrain pathways).