Role of a ductile décollement in the development of pull-apart basins: Experimental results and natural examples

Abstract

Traditional models describe pull-apart basins as graben or half-graben basins with normal or normal-oblique slip master faults, analogous to Death Valley, California. Yet many pull-aparts are characterized by asymmetric basins with strike-slip master faults indicating that not all pull-apart basins conform to the simple Death Valley models. We present analogue modelling results that show developmental sequences and structural styles of pull-aparts are dramatically different when overburden rides over a ductile horizon, and that thickness of the ductile horizon exerts control on basin development. In our models, synthetic and antithetic strike-slip faults control basin geometries, while localized normal faulting and local oblique slip on strike-slip faults accommodate basin subsidence. Faults evolve from initial strike-slip to normal-oblique and normal dip slip to form a system of either isolated sub-basins in the case of thick ductile layers, or coalescing sub-basins in the case of thin ductile layers. These results demonstrate distinct differences between non-ductile and ductile décollement pull apart structures. Basin boundaries dominated by normal faults suggest a décollement within or at the base of a non-ductile layer similar to Death Valley, California. Basin bounding faults dominated by strike-slip and oblique-slip faults indicate basin formation over a ductile layer, similar to the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba) or Gulf of Paria (Venezuela and Trinidad).