Abstract

In what ways are nineteenthand twentieth-century Americans different from each other? According to Riesman, Glazer, and Denney (1950), interpersonal social orientations have changed from innerdirectedness to other-directedness over time. Elsewhere, William H. Whyte (1956) has described declining individualism in the organizational life of the United States. But, despite widespread awareness of these theories of social change, little new evidence has been brought to bear on these claims since their introduction. This study sought such evidence through analysis of the content of grade school read-

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