Role for the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt-TOR Pathway during Sindbis Virus Replication in Arthropods

Abstract

The efficient transmission of alphaviruses requires the establishment of a persistent infection in the arthropod vector; however, the nature of the virus-arthropod host interaction is not well understood. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-TOR pathway is a signaling pathway with which viruses interact to manipulate cellular functions. The viral activation of this pathway can enhance translation and inhibit apoptosis, potentially promoting viral replication; conversely, repression can enhance cell death. Using a system to study Sindbis virus RNA replication in Drosophila melanogaster, we found that the overexpression of Akt enhanced Sindbis virus replication. In contrast, a decrease in viral replication was observed for flies hypomorphic for the Akt gene. Infection of cultured Drosophila cells led to the phosphorylation and activation of Akt. The chemical inhibition of PI3K, Akt, and TOR in mosquito cells reduced virus replication, suggesting that this pathway is proviral. Early after infection, there was an increase in the TOR-dependent phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 in mosquito cells and a consequent increase in the translation of a capped reporter mRNA. In contrast, no change in 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was seen in mammalian cells, and the level of translation of the reporter decreased following infection. Finally, we found that the increase in the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 was stimulated by replicon RNA but not by UV-inactivated virus. Our data indicate that Sindbis virus replication complex formation in mosquito cells activates the PI3K-Akt-TOR pathway, causing the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and increasing the formation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F), which promote cap-dependent translation. This virus-induced increase in cap-dependent translation allows the efficient translation of viral mRNA while minimizing the burden on the cell.