Abstract
The <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Internet of Things</i> ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">IoT</i> ) refers to a structure that links everyday objects and the Internet. To enable the IoT, a massive deployment of wireless IoT nodes is required; predictions indicate that trillions of these nodes will be needed. This trend raises sustainability issues on environmental, economic, and societal levels. Concerning environmental and economic problems, a significant design challenge is to create wireless IoT nodes that operate at ultralow power to avoid the ecotoxicity of batteries and the prohibitive maintenance costs of battery replacement <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> . Another design challenge is to reach high levels of integration based on low-cost CMOS technologies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[2]</xref> to limit the carbon footprint and costs associated with the nodes’ production and end of life. Concerning societal issues, a significant design challenge is to guarantee the security and privacy of data in IoT nodes.
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