Abstract
The fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug ciprofloxacin (cip) has been used to cap metallic (silver and gold) nanoparticles by a robust one pot synthetic method under optimized conditions, using NaBH4 as a mild reducing agent. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) showed constancy against variations in pH, table salt (NaCl) solution, and heat. Capping with metal ions (Ag/Au-cip) has significant implications for the solubility, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of fluoroquinolone molecules. The metallic nanoparticles were characterized by several techniques such as ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) methods. The nanoparticles synthesized using silver and gold were subjected to energy dispersive X-ray tests in order to show their metallic composition. The NH moiety of the piperazine group capped the Ag/Au surfaces, as revealed by spectroscopic studies. The synthesized nanoparticles were also assessed for urease inhibition potential. Fascinatingly, both Ag-cip and Au-cip NPs exhibited significant urease enzyme inhibitory potential, with IC50 = 1.181 ± 0.02 µg/mL and 52.55 ± 2.3 µg/mL, compared to ciprofloxacin (IC50 = 82.95 ± 1.62 µg/mL). MNPs also exhibited significant antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains.
Highlights
In recent decades, the use of nanomaterials, especially metal nanoconjugates, has spread in biomedicinal research
The optical properties of Ag-cip and Au-cip NPs were determined by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV)-Visble spectroscopy, the most used ascertain theNPs synthesis stability of by metallic nanoparticles
Surface morphology of the ciprofloxacin-capped Ag and Au NPs was studied by atomic ciprofloxacin-capped Ag and Au NPs was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM; Figure 3c,d)
Summary
The use of nanomaterials, especially metal nanoconjugates, has spread in biomedicinal research. Size of nanoparticles decides their applications in the drug industry, size still has its pros and cons, as unwanted penetration of nanoparticles can cause significant damage This reduces the specificity of nanoparticles towards a certain group of cells. In contrast to first- generation quinolones (cinoxacin, nalidixic acid), second generation ones (enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin), show activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and against certain pathogens [44,45]. Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic was used for stabilizing (Ag/Au NPs) by the Tarkevisch method using sodium borohydride as a mild reducing agent and and capping of Ag/Au-cip NPs. In particular the amine moiety of ciprofloxacin was responsible for their biological activity [48,49]. The urease inhibitory assay of ciprofloxacin conjugated with Ag/Au
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