Abstract
The electrical energy systems have a large proportion in producing carbon dioxide (CO2). The renewable energy sources (RESs) are the main solutions to decrease the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of these systems to fulfill the sustainable development goals. The photovoltaic (PV) systems make up the largest proportion of the recently installed capacities of the RESs in the world from which the share of the rooftop PVs is increasing especially regarding the development of the smart homes (SHs). Although increasing the rooftop PVs in SHs decreases the pollution emission, it increases the ramp rate of the system's net load as reported by the California Independent System Operator (CAISO). To solve this challenge, in this paper, a flexibility-constrained energy management model is proposed for the SHs equipped with rooftop PVs and an electrical energy storage. The flexibility constraint limits the ramp rate of the power trading of the SH with the main grid to increase the flexibility of the power system. To model the uncertain behavior of the energy market price, the energy management problem is modeled as a robust optimization one. The results show the ability of the model to minimize the operation cost of the SH regarding this constraint. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is done to investigate the effect of the flexibility constraint and the robustness parameter on the results.
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