Abstract
Modern distribution systems are equipped with various distributed energy resources (DERs) because of the importance of local generation. These distribution systems encounter more and more uncertainties because of the ever-increasing use of renewable energies. Other sources of uncertainty, such as load variation and system components? failure, will intensify the unpredictable nature of modern distribution systems. Integrating energy storage systems into distribution grids can play a role as a flexible bidirectional source to accommodate issues from constantly varying loads and renewable resources. The overall functionality of these modern distribution systems is enhanced using communication and computational abilities in smart grid frameworks. Robust operation of these systems is effectively taken into consideration to manage the uncertainty, which offers an explicit way to control the desired conservativeness. This paper presents an optimal operating program for smart grids equipped with wind generators, controllable distributed generators, energy storage systems, and reactive power compensators. In order to make the studies more practical, uncertainty about wind generators and grid loads is taken into account. Furthermore, the presented operating program is robust in various conditions, i.e. there is no need to change the operating program in a wide range of probable states. The point estimation method and fuzzy clustering method are used for probabilistic assessment of the distribution system in the presence of uncertainties. The IEEE 37-node standard test system, which is a highly unbalanced system, is selected for the case study and the results are discussed comprehensively.
Highlights
This paper provides a robust optimal operating program in the presence of nondispatchable renewable-based distributed generators, Energy storage systems (ESSs), dispatchable power generation sources such as combined heat and power (CHP) generators, and reactive power compensators while satisfying all operational constraints
The studied distribution system is an unbalanced system including wind generators with probabilistic output and probabilistic loads that was equipped with energy storage systems, CHP generators, and a reactive power compensator
An optimal operating program that can satisfy all possible conditions was considered in two scenarios
Summary
Energy management in microgrids, including ESSs, has been studied and the uncertainty associated with renewable-based generators and loads has been considered. In many other references, energy management in distribution systems including ESSs was taken into account and the uncertainty caused by renewable generators and load was considered. None of these studies paid attention to the robustness of the operating program. In this regard, [14] considered the reduction of total costs and losses, while [15] reduced operational costs and improved the performance quality of distribution systems. Clustering methods require a very low calculation burden, they have acceptable levels of accuracy, they can be applied to every type of uncertain variables, and they are suitable for online and practical applications
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