Abstract
The explosive increase in the number of IoT devices requires various types of communication methods. This paper presents secure personal authentication using electrostatic coupling Intra-body communication (IBC) based on frequency shift keying (FSK) and error correction. The proposed architecture uses GPIO for a transmitter and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) for a receiver. We mplemented FSK modulation, demodulation, data protection, and error correction techniques in the MCU software without applying hardware devices. We used the characteristic that the carrier signal is 50% duty square wave for 1-bit error correction and applied a method of randomly inverting SHA1 hash data to protect user authentication data during transmission. The transmitter modulates binary data using a square wave as a carrier signal and transmits data through the human body. The receiver demodulates the signal using ADC and decrypts the demodulated binary data. To determine the carrier frequency from ADC results, we applied a zero-crossing algorithm which is used to detect edge characteristics in image processing. When calculating the threshold value within the zero-crossing algorithm, we implemented an adaptive threshold setting technique utilizing Otsu’s binarization technique. We found that the size of the electrode pad does not affect the signal strength, but the distance between the electrode pad and the skin has a significant effect on the signal strength. Our results show that binary data modulated with a square wave can be successfully transmitted through the human body, and, when 1-bit error correction is applied, the byte error rate on the receiver side is improved around 3.5% compared to not applying it.
Highlights
Today, people use a variety of digital devices, such as smartphones, smartwatches, wearable, and healthcare devices
Our results show that binary data modulated with a square wave can be successfully transmitted through the human body, and, when 1-bit error correction is applied, the byte error rate on the receiver side is improved around 3.5% compared to not applying it
frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation is performed using GPIO in the transmitter, and demodulation is performed using an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in the receiver
Summary
People use a variety of digital devices, such as smartphones, smartwatches, wearable, and healthcare devices. Sensors 2020, 20, 6056 and Bluetooth or using a wired cable [12] He proposed a wireless communication system that allowed electronic devices on and near the human body to exchange digital data through near field electrostatic coupling. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT), introduced RedTacton technology supporting IEEE 802.3 half-duplex in 2005 It achieved a communication speed of 10 Mbps by implementing a transceiver with an electromagnetic field sensor composed of an electro-optic crystal and a laser [18]. The major contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) introducing and exploring the concept of electrostatic coupling IBC; (2) showing how to implement FSK modulation and random data inversion-based SHA1 with CRC code, as well as how how carrier signals can be transmitted through the human body; (3) showing how to implement. FSK demodulation and 1-bit error correction; and (4) designing and implementing a transmitter and receiver software for the IBC system
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