Abstract
The robust formation tracking problems (FTPs) are investigated for noncooperative heterogeneous multiagent systems (MASs). The parameters and state dimensions of each agent in the MASs can be heterogeneous. The leader is noncooperative and has an unknown external input. The followers are affected by uncertainties and disturbances. A distributed extended state observer is designed to estimate the leader's state and the unknown external input. Then a robust formation tracking control method is proposed. It turns out that the output formation tracking error can reduce to any size neighborhood near the origin by selecting appropriate parameters. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed observer and controller is demonstrated by a numerical simulation example and a hardware-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation example.
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