Abstract
New guidelines and procedures for real-time (RT) network-based solutions are required in order to support Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived heights. Two kinds of experiments were carried out to analyze the performance of the network-based real-time kinematic (RTK) solutions. New test marks were installed in different surrounding environments, and the existing GPS benchmarks were used for analyzing the effect of different factors, such as baseline lengths, antenna types, on the final accuracy and reliability of the height estimation. The RT solutions are categorized into three groups: single-base RTK, multiple-epoch network RTK (mRTN), and single-epoch network RTK (sRTN). The RTK solution can be biased up to 9 mm depending on the surrounding environment, but there was no notable bias for a longer reference base station (about 30 km) In addition, the occupation time for the network RTK was investigated in various cases. There is no explicit bias in the solution for different durations, but smoother results were obtained for longer durations. Further investigation is needed into the effect of changing the occupation time between solutions and into the possibility of using single-epoch solutions in precise determination of heights by GNSS.
Highlights
Since the development of a centimeter-level accuracy positioning techniques in real-time, based on the integer ambiguity resolution of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements, there have been great advances in real-time kinematic (RTK) applications
Since the performance of the RTN is related to many factors, we focused on the effect of different types of antennas, baseline lengths, solution types, and data collection method of RTN
In order to verify the effect of the session duration on RT solutions, the GNSS-based multiple-epoch network RTK solutions were obtained for short baselines (~2 km) in Phase 1
Summary
Since the development of a centimeter-level accuracy positioning techniques in real-time, based on the integer ambiguity resolution of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements, there have been great advances in real-time kinematic (RTK) applications. Due to distance-dependent biases, such as ionospheric and tropospheric delays New approaches, such as Virtual Reference Stations (VRS), Flächen Korrektur Parameter (FKP), and/or Master-Auxiliary corrections (MAX) were introduced in mid-1990s. The typical RTN procedure consists of (1) network ambiguity resolution at the master control, based on the known coordinates of the reference stations; (2) estimation of distance-dependent correction model coefficients; and (3) transmission of the coefficients to the user (or rover). The vertical reference frame, the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88), was realized based on a nationwide passive network determined using differential geodetic leveling With recent advances, such as precise hybrid geoids (for example, GEOID12A), the costly, time-consuming leveling process can be replaced by GNSS-derived heights, though the extent depends on the specific application. Since the performance of the RTN is related to many factors, we focused on the effect of different types of antennas, baseline lengths, solution types, and data collection method of RTN
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
