Abstract
With the increasing number of available digital images, there is an urgent need of image content description to facilitate content based image retrieval (CBIR). Besides colour and texture, shape is an important low level feature in describing image content. An object can be photographed from different distances and angles. However, we often want to classify the images of the same object into one class, despite the change of perspective. So, it is desired to extract shape features that are invariant to the change of perspective. The shape of an object from one viewpoint to another can be linked through an affine transformation, if it is viewed from a much larger distance than its size along the line of sight. Those invariant shape features are known as affine invariant shape representations. Because of the change of perspective, it is more difficult to develop affine invariant shape representations than normal ones. The goal of this work is to develop affine invariant shape descriptors. Through shape retrieval experiments, we find that the performance of the existing affine invariant shape representations are not satisfactory. Especially, when the shape boundary is corrupted by noise, their performance degrades quickly. In this work, two new affine invariant contour-based shape descriptors, the ICA Fourier shape descriptor (ICAFSD) and the whitening Fourier shape descriptor (WFSD) have been developed. They perform better than most of the existing affine invariant shape representations, while having compact feature size and low computational time requirement. Four region-based affine-invariant shape descriptors, the ICA Zernike moment shape descriptor (ICAZMSD), the whitening Zernike moment shape descriptor (WZMSD), the ICA orthogonal Fourier Mellin moment shape descriptor (ICAOFMMSD), and the whitening orthogonal Fourier Mellin moment shape descriptor (WOFMMSD), are also proposed, in this work. They can be applied to both simple and complex shapes, and have close to perfect performance in retrieval experiments. The advantage of those newly proposed shape descriptors is even more apparent in experiments on shapes with added boundary noise: Their performance does not deteriorate as much as the existing ones.
Highlights
1.1 Motivation and backgroundA picture is worth a thousand words
In order to test the performance of the shape representations under noisy conditions, retrieval experiments have been done on simple shape databases with noise added to the shape boundaries
The performances of the whitening Fourier shape descriptor (WFSD) are not compared in the figures, as they have exactly the same precision-recall curves as the independent component analysis (ICA) Fourier shape descriptor (ICAFSD) and the two curves will overlap each others in the graph
Summary
4.1 (a)The joint distribution of the independent components s1 and s2 with uniform distributions; (b)Histogram of s1, in comparison with gaussian distribution with unit variance (shown in red colour); (c)Histogram of s2, in comparison with gaussian distribution with unit variance (shown in red colour). 82 xv xvi. 4.1 (a)The joint distribution of the independent components s1 and s2 with uniform distributions; (b)Histogram of s1, in comparison with gaussian distribution with unit variance (shown in red colour); (c)Histogram of s2, in comparison with gaussian distribution with unit variance (shown in red colour). 5.12 (a) shape contour, (b) whitened shape contour, (c) centroid distance and (d) xvii xviii
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